Download PDF Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis, by George Makari
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Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis, by George Makari
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Groundbreaking, insightful, and compulsively readable, Revolution in Mind goes beyond myth and polemic to give us the story of one of the most controversial and important intellectual endeavors of the twentieth century. In this masterful history, George Makari demonstrates how a new way of thinking about inner life coalesced and won followers who spread this body of thought throughout the West. Along the way he introduces the reader to a fascinating array of characters, many of whom have been long ignored or forgotten.
Revolution in Mind is a brilliant, engaging, and radically new work—the first ever to account fully for the making of psychoanalysis.
- Sales Rank: #340442 in Books
- Published on: 2008-12-30
- Released on: 2008-12-30
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.00" h x 1.00" w x 5.31" l, 1.10 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 624 pages
From Publishers Weekly
Makari, the director of Cornell's Institute for the History of Psychiatry, provides a comprehensive early history of psychoanalysis from 1895 to 1946. Although his early colleague Josef Breuer justifiably claimed that Freud was a man given to absolute and exclusive formulations, the great Viennese thinker's revolutionary understanding of the psyche evolved quite a bit, shifting away from psychosexual theory toward the tripartite division of the psyche (ego/id/superego) around 1920. Discussing the steadily growing community of psychoanalysts in Vienna (and, successively, in Zurich, Berlin and elsewhere), Makari notes that the Freudians could sometimes be intellectually insular and sectlike, resulting in the expulsion of Alfred Adler and C.G. Jung from Freud's circle between 1907 and 1913. Makari succinctly describes developments after Freud's influence peaked, especially the prominence of what came to be called ego psychology as developed by Heinz Hartmann, and the bitter intellectual dispute between Melanie Klein and Anna Freud. Makari tries to cover so much ground that some sections get a bit sketchy, but most of his ideas come across clearly in this challenging but rewarding intellectual history. 31 b&w photos. (Jan. 8)
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From Booklist
With psychoanalysis under intellectual siege in recent decades, Makari retrieves its original radicalism in this history of its formative decades. Establishing the context of its origin, Makari discusses thought current in Europe in the late 1800s about the nature of the mind and mental illness. Introducing Sigmund Freud, Makari depicts the guru of psychoanalysis feuding with rivals and acquiring acolytes as he found his calling and steadily gained prominence as a medical and psychological innovator. The disputations that developed in Freud’s wake impel Makari’s narrative and inform his readers of the deep divisions that developed within the psychoanalytic community, ranging from the qualifications to be a psychoanalyst to what theories and techniques had a claim on being scientific. Consequently, schools of variant theoretical casts sprouted in Vienna, Zurich, and Berlin, while Ernest Jones imported Freudianism to Britain. From a scholar deeply informed and perceptive about psychoanalysis, this work will well satisfy a curiosity about its historical development up to Freud’s death in 1939. --Gilbert Taylor
Review
“George Makari has written nothing less than a history of the modern mind.” (Paul Auster)
“The best informed history of psychoanalysis. Freud’s context is more fully elaborated by Makari than ever before.” (Harold Bloom)
“An excellent, fascinating, and definitive history of psychoanalysis up to 1945. A tour de force.” (Murray Gell Mann)
Most helpful customer reviews
13 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
You don't have to be a specialist to find this thrilling
By krebsman
As someone who knew very little about the beginnings of psychoanalysis, I was delighted to come across this book. It filled in a lot of gaps in my knowledge. Now I know how such names as Karl Jung, Otto Rank, Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Reich and Melanie Klein were connected with Freud. George Makari's book is a painstakingly detailed account not only of the struggle of psychoanalysis to gain legitimacy in the scientific community, but also of the internal struggles among Freud and his disciples and their shifting positions on the subject of the unconscious. It is all exciting reading, believe it or not. Friends become enemies, followers become antagonists and innovators become heretics. And all this takes place against the backdrop of Hitler's rise to power and psychoanalysts are forced to take sides. This is an outstanding work that I would highly recommend to anyone with an interest in the Twentieth Century, which I believe will ultimately be known as "The Freudian Age." Five stars.
29 of 30 people found the following review helpful.
Revolution in Mind
By Dr. Michael Beldoch
Revolution in Mind
What a wonderful book! After a reader's diet consisting almost entirely of Freud based polemics of one sort or another, here is an elegantly written overview of the field of psychoanalysis that is a pleasure to read. The first sentence in the book, "When the twenty-nine year-old doctor stepped off the train in the fall of 1895, he was a failure", gives a hint of the palpable humanity that will follow. George Makari is a psychiatrist and a psychoanalyst, but he is essentially an historian with the breadth of mind and perspective that is that discipline at its best.
At almost five hundred pages, absent notes, it is far too short! Makari whets the appetite with the range of his intellect as he scans such diverse fields of study at the end of the nineteenth century as psychophysics, sexology, neuroanatomy, hypnosis, psychopathology, psychotherapy, evolutionary biology, etc., weaving together the variety of views of psyche and soma that will come together in this "revolution in mind", but as he does so he sprinkles about vignettes of so many fascinating and colorful characters that if fleshed out as the reader might wish, it would result in a multi-volume encyclopedia rather than the fast paced intellectual excitement it is.
Nevertheless, even as presented in textured vignettes, the richness and variety of personalities that people this history in the making is awesome. Those already familiar with the usual suspects (Jung, Adler, Freud father and daughter, etc.) will be delighted to add to their knowledge Karl Kraus and Krafft-Ebing, Bleuler and Brill, Reik and Reich, and many dozens more. The notion that psychoanalysis sprang from Sigmund Freud's head alone, that it was some kind of mid-summer's night's dream he concocted which "caught on" for awhile in the century just past, is forever laid to rest in Makari's tour de force. As the author writes, "The culture that had given birth to psychoanalysis had become a graveyard...(but) a man (Freud) has come to represent a history....haunting his sons and daughters, his enemies and his friends."
11 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
Louis H. Hamel, Jr., Esq. Review
By Louis H. Hamel Jr.
Flowing smooth and limpid as a mountain stream, this big readable book quickly overcomes the reader's resistance to still another piece about the origins of Psychoanalysis. Even if one got the book only because its author, Dr. George Makari, has already firmly established the excellence of his writing, one's faith is vindicated right away. It becomes hard to put the book down.
Not only does Makari's book contain more information, a clearer and closer look at the issues and the personalities than any other history of this topic, but also it sheds welcome light on the forces bringing about the various dialectical theses, oppositions and revisions of belief in the field of Psychoanalysis, and neighboring fields. This is done in the context of those diverse forces (including an anti-Semitic Europe weary of its own sexual inhibition and its post-Kantian intellectual exhaustion, yet comfortably cloaked in Hapsburg elegance) which are instances of the forces which inevitably oppose any "Revolution in Mind."
If the worth of a history can be scored not only by the number of facts it describes with illumination, but also by the number of times the reader has to stop and think, arresting any sense that, "I already knew that," this book is tops. It's the best history -- with respect for Ernest Jones, Peter Gay, Frank Sulloway and others -- of the origins of Psychoanalysis, and one of the best histories of any important intellectual or institutional development.
Among its other virtues, Makari's book is an excellent study of the dialectical development of a set of beliefs from an initial thesis (or set of theses) to opposition and differentiation, to reformulation. The story is remarkably similar to the development of Christianity from a revolutionary "gospel" ("good news") to a "creed" which is the product of heated controversy, compromise and hard choices, and thence to a powerful stable institution.
Makari's treatment of "The Question of Lay Analysis," in the context of the Freudian thesis of infantile sexuality, which invited eager quacks and charlatans to celebrate with a party of wild analysis, with the ideal of a staid and virtuously neutral "Science" being invoked in defense of orthodox Psychoanalysis, brings up for study the entire question of orthodoxy and authoritative credentials (like the MD), including public licensing for the protection of those whom P. T. Barnum would identify by saying, "A fool is born every minute." Just a few centuries before Freud, ironically, anyone pleading "Science" in defense of an unorthodox belief might get burnt at the stake. The history told by Makari made the plea of "Science" the only available defense to Freud and Psychoanalysts, as pleading Philosophy or Poetry might get them burnt at the stake not by ecclestical authority but by academic authority, and to plead "Listening with the Third Ear" could get them committted to an insane asylum.
Today in America, the use of the MD as the requisite credential is a thing of the past, but the underlying question of "Why credentials?" remains. One must pause at the question of credentials for a psychoanalyst. Imagine Socrates getting a license to ask, in the Agora, "What is the Good Life?" Imagine Diogenes the Cynica, sleeping naked under the tub, getting a license to go about the world with his lantern, in search of an honest man.
Can "Revolution in Mind" (note that the title has different meanings depending on where one puts the emphasis), which not only is a fait accompli by Freud and others, but also is the subject of their discovery of the ever-flowing river -- Heraclitus said, "You can't step into the same river twice" -- of the psyche, a river partly running underground, be reconciled with orothodoxy? Can revolution (ask a Marxist) be reconciled with the need to comply with norms set forth by the heirarchy of an institution (in one of its protean personifications)? Unless the answer is "Yes," there can be no Psychoanalysis; and unless the answer is "No," there can be no Psychoanalysis. (The same might be said of religion.)
Interspersed among the details and helpful connections made ever so deftly (with hardly ever any sign of judgmental intervention by the historian [who, at best, can only hope to tell a "likely story," according to H. G. Wells] are wonderful photographs and a few gems like this one: --
"Altenberg sought to cast off conventional ethics and return to a natural primitivity; toward this goal he advocated a panoply of health measures aimed at a liberation from clothing, especially women's undergarments. His motto was, 'One cannot wear too little.' One Winter he caught pneumonia and died. p. 141
Makari is respectful of the inexorable forces creating institutional limits, similar to the "character armor" W. Reich explained as the essential psychic skin, but he is not above an occasional tongue-in-cheek observation, as when, in his Epilogue, he describes the travails of the reorganization of the more-or-less organized Psychoanalysis in New York City, in the 1940s, after the city's recept of hordes of distinguished emigre analysts who had fled Nazi Europe: --
"The New York group also tried to pass an amendment that banned any seccessions without prior approval from the association, an amendment that seemed to misunderstand the nature of a secession." p. 482
In his Acknowledgements, Dr. Makari refers to those who "kept my mountain of work [in preparing his materials] from crushing me." Except for that remark, the reader is allowed comfortably to think that the author must have been there, seen and heard all the events he describes, and knew personally all the people whose many zig-zag moves and manners make up the story. He tells his very long and complex story with the disarming ease characteristic of great story-tellers.
Louis H. Hamel, Jr., Esq.
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